Thursday, March 20, 2014

Eugene V. Debs: The "Forgotten Red Saint," Abridged: I



Hello, everyone. Hope you all have had a very Merry Christmas, Happy New Year, and wonderful spring break. But I bet you didn’t expect to see me again. Yep. It is I, Matt Craft, Award-Winning (AW) Man, Myth, Legend (MML), Historical Investigator (HI).
 In case, you’re wondering what I’ve been up to these past months, well, it’s quite simple: I’m slowly looking for a job and chillaxing while I’m at it. You may think this is a dream come true or the best of both worlds. It’s not! I’d very much rather be working and earning income than chillaxing all day.
Anywho, four members of the Belmont History Society plan to succeed me as co-writers on The Bruin History Blog. But that doesn’t mean I can’t still contribute. After all, I did birth this blog. So, that’s what I’m doing here – I’m contributing.
Below is the first half of my very groovy paper on the American socialist Eugene Victor Debs, aptly entitled “Eugene V. Debs: The ‘Forgotten Red Saint.’”
I authored this essay to fulfil an assignment for Dr. Brenda Jackson-Abernathy’s HIS 3050 – Writing History course in the 2012 spring semester. (FYI, you History majors and minors will take Writing History in your junior or senior year.) When I finished “The Forgotten Red Saint,” I proudly submitted the twenty-plus-pager. At the time, this lengthy paper was the longest and best piece I wrote.
            I was so proud of this epic essay that I decided to present it at the spring 2013 editions of the annual Phi Alpha Theta[1] regional conference and the Belmont Undergraduate Research Symposium (BURS). In order to present this paper, however, I had to shorten it as there was a time limit in both conferences. Consequently, I produced a twelve-page abridged version.
            Twelve pages are still too long for The Bruin History Blog; therefore, I opted to split the abridged version in half. And as I said above, part one is below today. Part two will follow.
            So, without any further ado, abridged “Eugene V. Debs: The Forgotten Red Saint’” Part I...

Matt Craft
Eugene V. Debs: The Forgotten Red Saint
HIS 3050 – Writing History
Dr. Brenda Jackson-Abernathy
26 April 2012
Abridged: 21 February 2013

I

In 1912, almost one million Americans cast their votes in a surprising direction, not for Theodore Roosevelt, not for Woodrow Wilson, and not for William Taft. Captured by a socialist vision and hoping for a utopian future, they voted for their socialist presidential candidate: Eugene Victor Debs who spearheaded a new wave in American politics. Unheralded, almost forgotten, and equally historic, the American Socialist Democratic Party gained its most votes ever in the 1912 presidential election. That statistic surprises many students.
Across early twentieth-century America, voters responded to the socialist cause; they were not all immigrants working on the docks, nor all concentrated in urban slums. The prosperity and power of the American industrial machine forged a strong bond among rural and metropolitan workers nationwide for whom the socialist dream embodied the path to freedom in the workplace. One man captivated them and led them, and he sacrificed his life for the American socialist cause. Debs, the forgotten “Red Saint,” represented both a convergence of American working class people with reformers and the most significant departure of voters to true socialism in an American election.  The often overlooked socialist streak in the 1912 election beckons the historian to explore its significance.
Debs personified important underground forces in 1912 but lurked in the shadows of the other three presidential candidates: the charismatic Roosevelt, the incumbent Taft, and the idealistic Wilson. Beginning with bold dreams to unify labor and transform industry leadership, Debs experienced a socialist conversion which catapulted him to greater lengths that effected more change than mere collaboration. Debs’s strong personal appeal yielded the highest vote total for a socialist candidate in American history amidst monumental election choices, and his nationwide success signified a broad current that would not be denied in American elections: the electoral power of labor.
            Debs crusaded fearlessly as labor organizer, union leader, Democratic state legislator, and presidential candidate. An 1894 New York Times article called him the “enemy of the human race.”[2] A first-generation American descended from Alsatian parents, Debs inherited a rebellious and uneasy tendency toward class separation. His pro-labor crusade began at the railmen’s lodge but concluded on the national stage.
            Debs’s mother utilized meager savings to open a grocery store in their home in Terre Haute, Indiana, and rescued her husband from a physical breakdown engendered by labor in pack houses and on the railroad. [3] Third child and eldest son Eugene (the future “Red Saint”) clerked and stocked for his father and read Friedrich Schiller[4] and Victor Hugo.[5] Bored by the repetition and confinement of school and grocery clerking, Debs left the classroom at fourteen to service locomotives. The dirty, exhausting labor was anything but romantic; nevertheless, working thrilled him and made him proud to belong to the fraternity of railroad men.[6]   
In 1871, Debs impulsively accepted the perilous responsibility of a locomotive fireman when a drunk employee failed to show for his shift. Breathing soot and fighting flame, the fireman rode behind the engine driver, stoking the fire to create steam, and served as secondary watchman. From that moment forward, sixteen-year-old Debs was a railroader at heart, riding up front behind the powerful iron horse and feeding its steam engine, vital to the operation. When Joshua Leach, Grand Master of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen (BLF), visited Terre Haute in 1874 to recruit members, Debs not only attended the meeting but joined the Vigo Lodge.[7] Biographer Ray Ginger asserted, “Although he had worked on the railroad less than five years, he had discovered the foundation for his entire career.”[8]
            Debs pursued the goals of the BLF as a mid-level union agent offering good, cheap insurance to railroad laborers. He studied encyclopedias to improve his learning and participated in local oratory to groom himself for union leadership. Debs became a national officer of the BLF and journeyed all over the country. The 1873 depression had made the workers’ plight a desperate one, and abuses such as eighteen-hour shifts, poor pay, no rest, and few safety measures abounded. In late summer 1877, conductors, brakemen, and firemen reached their limit and simultaneously halted the trains. Riots erupted and consumed Maryland, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. The BLF and Debs frowned on violent action, but his opposition to labor agitation evolved soon enough.
            In 1878, Debs entered the political realm and became City Clerk of Terre Haute. The BLF soon moved its national headquarters there, for Debs was a man well positioned to swell the BLF’s ranks during periods of uncertain employment for unskilled laborers. He edited a printed arm of the Brotherhood, The Magazine, and conscripted his relatives and friends into service. Debs organized local chapters and represented their interests. In what became Debsian style, membership ignited, enthusiasm spread, and contributions paid all outstanding fraternity debts.  By 1880, even William Vanderbilt[9] endorsed the BLF’s ideals. [10]
Running as the Democratic candidate from his district for the Indiana State House of Representatives, Debs fared marvelously in the polls in a year when labor was a major tenet of the Democratic platform. Historian Nick Salvatore recorded that with 5,603 votes, Debs outran Grover Cleveland in his own Vigo County wards and townships. Debs’s appeal was broad enough to muster support across class lines.[11] Salvatore identified disillusionment with mainstream American politics as formative for Debs during his tenure in the State House. He proudly sponsored a railroad labor reform bill which passed in the House, but the Senate’s burning of the bill devastated Debs. “Horrified at the callousness of political compromise,” Salvatore explained, Debs lost faith in the traditional American system; this loss helped pave the way to his socialist conversion.[12]
            In May 1886, an anti-labor wave extinguished the flames of early reformist zeal when Chicago’s crowded Haymarket Square saw a bomb light up the spring sky over a pro-eight-hour-day rally. Injuries prompted law enforcement to retaliate violently. As Salvatore revealed, Debs and his fraternity, in favor with railroad management, briefly maintained a middle ground. The strike represented wholesale mayhem, and Debs considered it an ineffective weapon.[13]
When Benjamin Harrison won the U.S. presidency two years later in 1888, Debs’s vehement dislike for Harrison’s completely anti-labor record propelled Debs to take command of his first strike, that against the Burlington Railroad in 1888-1889.  Debs participated for the first time and, “more than any other single event in his early career; this watershed event forced Debs to reevaluate prior opinions and strategies.” [14]
            In August of 1890, Debs commanded a massive railroad strike involving railroaders on the lines from Chicago to Cincinnati to Buffalo. On August 23, 1890, various contemporaneous newspapers ran identical front-page reports of Debs in the thick of decisive secret meetings of the Brotherhoods of Firemen, Conductors, and Trainsmen at his Terre Haute home. National delegates arrived there to establish a quorum of votes for the organizations to signal or oppose a strike.
Historian James Chace framed Debs’s 1894  launch onto the national stage  against railroad tycoon George Pullman as “decisive in lifting him from a full-time union man to a national labor leader, a man who did not merely support the workingman but was also someone of enough moral force to go to prison for his beliefs.”[15] Victorious against the Great Northern Railroad just one year earlier, Debs stood proudly at the helm of his newborn American Railway Union. The ARU united all railway employees except African Americans, whom Debs tried to include. Brought into the fray by Pullman employees, Debs and the ARU cooperated in a massive strike involving 100,000 men who walked off the job peacefully, halting rail movement from Chicago to San Francisco. The New York Times termed these June 26, 1894 events the “Debs Rebellion,” a moniker which stuck and migrated to other papers during the “struggle between the most powerful railroad labor organization and the entire railroad capital.”[16]
Outrage boiled on both sides. The July 11, 1894 Hartford Herald featured a story out of New York which expressed malcontent with troublemakers who interfered with the running of trains. The front page articles painted a sensational portrait of Debs. He was called both “extraordinary” and “unparagoned,” yet the still-silent tracks appalled the nation. The Hartford Herald continued: “Mr. Debs has with extraordinary alacrity invited the whole population of the country to oppose the American Railway Union by making the American Railway Union interfere with the whole country.” [17]
Posing as the protector of the U.S. mail, President Grover Cleveland unleashed the fury of federal authorities. They had no scruples, torched freight cars, and sliced the fire hoses needed to quench the blaze. Amidst their own atrocities, authorities arrested Debs and other union leaders on charges of conspiracy against interstate commerce.  Under the front page headline “Dictator Debs Arrested,” the July 11, 1894 St. Paul Daily Globe cited Debs as having ignited a strike which blocked mail transportation. Debs riposted with his own scathing indictment of those who seized his private effects “like an act of the czar of Russia rather than the act of a free country.” [18]
Championed by an outraged Clarence Darrow, Debs and other union leaders received acquittals for conspiracy but did receive prison sentences for contempt. Inside Illinois’s cavernous Woodstock jail, Debs underwent an intellectual renaissance, his vital rebirth as a “Red Saint.” He wrote, “a swift succession of blows . . . blinded [me] for an instant and then opened wide my eyes—and the class struggle was revealed. This was my first practical lesson in Socialism.” The language here evoked the conversion by blinding light of the apostle Paul on the road to Damascus. The vandalizing of his office and the hostile media “baptized [Debs in] Socialism in the roar of conflict.” [19]
The political reversal of the prisoner came to completion after months of reading socialist thought, all sent to him by zealous American compatriots.  The press painted Debs as “the closest thing to a folk hero ever produced by the American left.”[20]  He emerged onto the national stage, serving consecutively as the Socialist Party’s presidential candidate for twenty years beginning in 1900. For the rest of his life, Debs wrote, spoke, travelled, and fundraised almost constantly for the American labor and socialist causes.
Debs functioned professionally as an itinerant preacher, but in more deluxe mode: he traveled in his own four-car train, the Red Special, crusading for a socialist awakening across the country. He reached 500,000 listeners along his 1908 presidential tour, dispersing tracts and buttons, and then returned home to write more inspirational pamphlets and articles. Debs’s language reflected the religious fervor he sought to incite.
TO BE CONTINUED…
            You must hate me for saying “To Be Continued.” LOL! But do not fret. Abridged “Eugene V. Debs: The Forgotten Red Saint’” Part II is next. So, stay tuned!
Until next time…
AW MML, HI


[1] Phi Alpha Theta – national honor history society.
[2]  Qtd. in Earnest Freeberg, Democracy's Prisoner: Eugene V. Debs, the Great War, and the Right to  Dissent. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), 13.
[3] Ray Ginger, The Bending Cross: a Biography of Eugene Victor Debs.  (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1949), 6.
[4] Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805) – German scholar and writer.
[5] Victor Marie Hugo (1802-1885) – French romanticist.
[6] Ginger, 10-11; 13.
[7] Ginger, 15-17; 21.
[8] Ginger, 19.
[9] William Henry Vanderbilt (1821-1885) – American entrepreneur.
[10] Ginger, 29; 33-34.
[11] Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.), 42.
[12] Salvatore, 43.
[13] Salvatore, 45-6.
[14] Salvatore, 68-9; 73.
[15] James Chace, 1912, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004) 76; 74.
[16] New York Times, qtd. in Chace 77.
[17] Nym Crinkle for The New York World. “The Pullman Boycott: Central Figure of the Great Railroad Strike,” Rptd. In The Hartford Herald, July 11, 1894, p.1. http:// chroniclingamerica.loc.gov (accessed April 20, 2012).
[18] “Dictator Debs Arrested,” St. Paul Daily Globe, July 11, 1894. p. 1; p. 6. http:// chroniclingamerica.loc.gov (accessed February 26, 2012).
[19] Debs, 82.
[20] Scott Molloy, “Eugene V. Debs,” in Encyclopedia of the American Left, ed.s Mari Jo Buhle , Paul Buhle and Dan Georgakas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 179.

Friday, December 6, 2013

Live Long and Prosper



Greetings, everyone. Matt Craft, Award-winning Man, Myth, Legend, Historical Investigator, here. Hope you’ve all had a wonderful semester – and for those of you who are returning next semester, I hope spring 2014 will be great as well. I also hope that you’ve all enjoyed joining me as we journeyed through history; I have enjoyed being your guide for two semesters in a row.
            But now, the December gray has arrived, and I must burst my Belmont bubble and venture into the brave, new world[1] beyond. I stride across the Curb Event Center stage on Friday, December 13. But do not fret. I’m sure someone is taking up the torch and mantle of history blogger, and I’m also sure he or she will do a great job.
Besides, you can’t get rid of me that easily – did you forget? I’m MML, HI, and I am the father of The Bruin History Blog, built it from scratch. I am confident that I shall return – in some shape, form, or fashion.
Until then, Live Long and Prosper,[2] Fellow Lovers of History!
AW MML, HI
PS.
You can check me out in the Belmont University newspaper The Vision[3] and on the Belmont English Department’s blog, Belmont English: News and Notes from the English Department at Belmont University.[4]


[1] An allusion to Aldous Huxley’s 1931 novel, Brave New World.
[2] In the popular science fiction franchise, Star Trek, U.S.S. Enterprise Captain James Tiberius Kirk’s first officer Sock often utters this phrase.

Thursday, December 5, 2013

Seth Russell Ross-Granda: Don’t Knock It Until You Try It Part II



Hey, fellow lovers of history! AW MML, HI, here. As promised, here is part two of my very exclusive interview with Mr. Seth Ross-Granda is below. So, you can read and read to your heart’s desire!

CRAFT: What role do you think history plays in all levels of education?
GRANDA: I’m not sure I can answer that question with much authority, but I think that the study of history is critical to a holistic education and understanding of how we as individuals fit into the world. Studying history doesn’t simply require that a student be able to memorize immense volumes of facts as some might believe. Rather, a devoted student of history learns how to implement many skills such as researching various types of sources, extracting information, organizing findings, analyzing complex details, thinking critically, and deducing acute inferences. Each of these skills not only allows the history student to make educated statements about the state of things in the past, but it gives her a better understanding of how her individual life fits into the present day historical narrative.
CRAFT: Do you feel history gets enough attention or focus in all levels of school?
GRANDA: Well I think the answer to that question requires a lot of research, but, to speak generally, I think history deserves a great deal of focus in in every person’s education. Without a student’s knowledge of history, I think, at the very least, they will be passing up a great opportunity to improve skills of reading, comprehending, reasoning, and deducing.
CRAFT: In your opinion, what role does writing play in history and other disciplines?   
GRANDA: With regards to history, it’s been tremendously important and responsible for the wealth of sources from which we are able to rely upon today; prior to the introduction of writing in human civilization, history was probably passed down orally, and with the rise and fall of civilizations, so too probably went the histories of those people and times. Thanks to man’s dedication to the skill of writing, in all of its many forms (hieroglyphics, typing, etc.), we have better understanding and modes of communicating ideas about history of the people in ancient and modern societies alike.
CRAFT: Where is the gap in the average person’s historical knowledge the widest? Where is it the narrowest?
GRANDA: Well, considering that the majority of my understanding of what constitutes the average person’s historical knowledge is derived largely from offhand conversations that sometimes delve into topics of history, I would say that most people, at least people our age, don’t really appreciate the history of the geographical area known today as Russia. Perhaps, that’s a generational generalization I’m making because I believe our parents’ generation was probably a little more concerned with the history of the U.S.S.R. because of the Cold War and its narrative place in American culture beginning mainly in the 1950s leading up to the 1990s. Our generation, on the other hand, doesn’t have quite as much focus on Russia probably because of the ostensible diffusion of tension between the great superpowers after the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1990s.
CRAFT: In your opinion, has popular culture ever accurately portrayed history?
GRANDA: Wow, that’s a rangy question that could be the basis of a doctoral thesis for a student in a Ph.D. program, but I’ll try and answer it in a couple of sentences. Yes and no. I believe that historical accuracy can be a very difficult thing to obtain in terms of removing biases and the subjective elements out of works in popular culture (I assume we’re talking movies). Depending on which viewpoint you are taking, a historical episode may seem more accurate to a particular person’s perspective and less accurate to another’s. Various events can be objectively presentable in terms of what actually happened (i.e. a B-2 dropping an atom bomb and the resulting destruction), but the way in which the event is conveyed so as to create a morality play can skew our understanding. I think these problems are largely inherent in our society’s presentation of art because most everything is propaganda in the sense that it’s trying to make a statement about the current state of affairs, but by utilizing a historian’s critical eye, I think it’s possible to accept certain aspects of cinema when it attempts to portray a historical event.
CRAFT: In your opinion, why have the War of 1812 and World War I received less attention in both popular culture and education than say the American Revolution or World War II?
GRANDA: Well, my opinion regarding why World War II has received more attention in pop culture and education than World War I is probably because of the relevant level of involvement that the United States had in the war. Additionally, the devastating attack on Pearl Harbor, which ignited the American entry into the Second World War, ensured that the war would have a very important place in the American memory. In World War I, the United States was not provoked to enter the war in quite the same way. Additionally, I think humans consider beginnings of processes to be more interesting. The Revolutionary War was the war that first established the supreme independence of the American colonists against the British Empire. The Revolutionary War receiving more attention in scholarship than the War of 1812 is like the book of Genesis receiving more sermon time than the story of Moses in Deuteronomy. One represented the beginning; the other was just more of the story. That is not, however, to say that one is actually more important than the other.
CRAFT: What do you read for pleasure?
GRANDA: I’ve done a poor job at actually finishing the works I’ve attempted to read in years past, but among some of the works that I’ve completed are Robert Penn Warren’s All the King’s Men, The Man Who Was Thursday by G.K. Chesterton, Ernest Hemingway’s A Movable Feast, Franny and Zooey by J.D. Salinger, a few of Stuart Woods’ Stone Barrington Novels, and John Grisham’s The Confession. To answer your question, I read a blend of current best-selling legal thrillers, modern American historical fiction, and a couple of British allegorical tales.
CRAFT: What book of historical nature would you recommend that everyone read?
GRANDA: Assuming that we’re talking about primary sources, I would recommend the Bible, but the answer really depends on what the individual person is interested in learning. I do think it’s important for everyone to actually read primary sources upon which so much of our society depends such as the Constitution, statutes, and local ordinances. I think many people would be surprised to know what the law actually says, and the ways in which it creates and confines American freedom.
CRAFT: What book would you recommend that any president should read?
GRANDA: Constitutional Law for Dummies.
CRAFT: What is your opinion or view of the Bible? Are the events depicted/recorded in the Bible history to you? Just the living Word of God? Or both?
GRANDA: The Bible is a crucially important text. It’s arguably the most influential printed work in the history of the world. I personally believe that the Bible includes some factual historical information, and I also believe that there are some divinely inspired passages within it. I believe that there is great wisdom in the words of Jesus.
CRAFT: Do you know any foreign languages and/or alphabets? If so, what are they, and how many?
GRANDA: I understand some Spanish, but I wish that I were more proficient with regards to foreign languages. I consider it inexcusable that both of my parents are, at the very least (my mother speaks English, Spanish, and Portuguese) bilingual, yet I am barely unilingual.
CRAFT: Was it difficult for you to write collegiate history papers and law school papers?
GRANDA: There is a slight similarity between writing collegiate history papers and law school papers. That is that a prepared and well-researched writer should have little trouble in writing. Once the research and note-taking phase is complete, all that remains is the actual application of the findings into a coherent and decipherable product (that’s the difficult part). With regards to writing papers in law school, as in undergrad, the difficulty stems more from the balancing act of having other highly demanding classes to tend to. Thus, devising a work schedule and diligently sticking to it are key goals that lead to completing the papers with quality when they are due. I wasn’t entirely successful in undergrad at creating study plans for my history assignments and sticking to them, but I’ve since learned my lesson and improved my diligence when it comes to writing papers in law school. I recommend that students incorporate proper research organization and work habits into their repertoire now. And, remember, don’t put off until tomorrow that which can be done today.
CRAFT: What advice would you give to lower-class history majors and minors?
GRANDA: Down with the bourgeoisie. Take Dr. Schafer’s Russian Revolution class for many great jokes, Comrade. Additionally, take the opportunity to sit in on one of Dr. Kuryla’s lectures. That man is just plain cool. If he can’t get you interested in history, then you’re lost, man (sorry for the heteronormative address).
CRAFT: What advice would you give to upper-class history majors and minors?
GRANDA: Read as much as you can. You won’t regret it. Also, if you’re struggling with anything school-related or just need general advice, schedule a visit with one of the history professors. While they are of course very respected intellectuals in their respective historical areas, they are equally wonderful, genuine, and caring people. I can remember specific instances with each of the history professors in which I was given golden nuggets of wisdom. Dr. Jackson-Abernathy, specifically, was my guardian angel throughout my Belmont education. Dr. Jackson cares deeply for each of her students, and she gives you her full attention and some really great pointers on life as well as how to be a successful student.
CRAFT: What advice would you give to pre-collegiate students interested in and/or passionate about history?
GRANDA: Don’t knock it until you try it! Also, a history degree is not merely for people who know they want to teach or pursue a Ph.D. (although those are highly respectable goals). I think I’m someone who can attest well to that.

Thanks a million for reading, peeps. Hope you’ve enjoyed getting to know my man Seth. Peace! AW MML, HI